INTRAUTERINE insemination (IUI) with specially prepared sperm is often effective in treating mild male infertility. In this procedure, the sperm are obtained by masturbation, then washed concentrated, and placed in the female’s uterusvia a small catheter.

Semen Volume: The amount of fluid that makes up the semen.

Sperm Count: The number of sperm present in a stadard volume. A normal sample contains more than 20 million sperm per millitre.

Motility: The persont of sperm moving when the semen is examined under the microscope. Normal is defined as >50% motile.

Progression: The forward movement of sperm cells, Viability the percent of live sperm, sperm morphology or shape.

Additional semen contents, such as white blood cells, are an indication of infection. Less than five white blood cells perhigh power field is considered normal.

Spermatozoa (sperm) are relatively fragile cells and are easily damaged by a number of environmental and life style habits.

Exposure to environmental toxins, such as heavy metals and other chemicals, can also reduce male fertility. Hormonal imbalances also can lead to male infertility.

Retrograde ejaculation occurs when sperm are propelled ‘‘backwards’’ into the bladder rather than ejaculated through the penis. This condition can be caused by certain medications, previous surgery, spinal cord disease, diabetes, and other factors.

Sperm production requires 90 days; an analysis done today reflects the state of ‘‘sperm development’’ three months prior.